What type of combustion only partially consumes the material?

Smoldering combustion refers to a type of combustion that occurs without flame and typically involves the slow, low-temperature oxidation of material. This form of combustion only partially consumes the material, leading to the generation of smoke, heat, and often the release of volatile compounds.

During smoldering, the material does not reach the high temperatures necessary for complete combustion, which means that not all fuel is converted into carbon dioxide and water. Instead, solid residues such as unburned carbon, soot, and other particulates may remain. This is distinct from complete combustion, where all of the fuel is fully oxidized, resulting in maximum energy release and minimal smoke production.

Smoldering combustion can occur in various fuels, such as wood or coal, and is commonly observed in situations where there is limited oxygen availability. Understanding this type of combustion is crucial in wildfire management, as it can lead to the hidden ignition sources that may reignite in favorable conditions.